Circuitsand SystemsforWirelessCommunicationsEdited byMarkusHelfensteinandGeorgeS.MoschytzSwiss Federal Institute of Technology,ZurichKLUWERACADEMICPUBLISHERSNEWYORK,BOSTON,DORDRECHT,LONDON,MOSCOW
Circuits and Systems for Wireless Communications Edited by Markus Helfenstein and George S. Moschytz Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
ContentsXVPrefacePartIRF System Integration13RFSystemIntegrationChris Toumazou31.1Introduction tothefollowing papers7References29RFSystem Board Level Integration for MobilePhonesGordonJ.Aspin92.1Introduction102.2Designapproach10KeyGSMsystemspecs2.3102.3.1Transmitterphase error112.3.2Transmittermodulationspectrum112.3.3Transmitternoise in thereceiverband2.3.413Receiverblocking vs.sensitivity132.4Architecture choices2.5Results172.5.117Transmitterphaseerror2.5.218Transmittermodulation spectrum192.5.3Receive sensitivity2.5.420Blockingperformance212.6Futureoptions323IntegrationofRFSystemsonaChipPeter J.Mole233.1RFissues233.1.1Receiverconcerns253.1.2Transmitterconcerns263.2Radio architectures263.2.1Receiverarchitecturesv
Contents Preface Part I RF System Integration 1 RF System Integration Chris Toumazou 1.1 Introduction to the following papers References 2 RF System Board Level Integration for Mobile Phones Gordon J. Aspin 2.1 2.2 2.3 Introduction Design approach Key GSM system specs 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 Transmitter phase error Transmitter modulation spectrum Transmitter noise in the receiver band Receiver blocking vs. sensitivity 2.4 2.5 Architecture choices Results 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 Transmitter phase error Transmitter modulation spectrum Receive sensitivity Blocking performance 2.6 Future options 3 Integration of RF Systems on a Chip Peter J. Mole 3.1 RF issues 3.1.1 3.1.2 Receiver concerns Transmitter concerns 3.2 Radio architectures 3.2.1 Receiver architectures xv 3 3 7 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 13 13 17 17 18 19 20 21 23 23 23 25 26 26 v
viCIRCUITSANDSYSTEMSFORWMRELESSCOMMUNICATIONS29Transmitterarchitectures3.2.2313.2.3Architecturesoverview323.3Somedesign issues323.3.1Powersupplyandground coupling333.3.2Substrate coupling343.3.3On-chip oscillators35References437Towards theFull Integration of Wireless Front-End CircuitsMichiel SteyaertIntroduction384.1384.2Technology4.339FullyintegratedCMOSdown-converters4.441Thesynthesiser4.543RFCMOSup-converters4.6FullyintegratedCMOStransceivers454.7Conclusions45References46549GSMTransceiverFront-EndCircuitsin0.25μmCMOSQiutingHuang,PaoloOrsatti,andFrancescoPiazza495.1Introduction5.250TransceiverarchitectureandrelevantGSM specifications5.353Low-noiseamplifier545.3.1Input stage585.3.2Output stage5.460Single and double-balanced mixer5.562Thetransmitterpreamplifier645.6Powerconsumption645.7Measured results5.868ConclusionsReferences69Part IIRFFront-EndCircuits673RFFront-End CircuitsQiuting HuangIntroduction to thefollowing papers736.1775Phase-Noise-to-CarrierRatioinLC OscillatorsOiuting Huang7.1Introduction76
vi CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 29 31 32 32 33 34 35 37 38 38 39 41 43 45 45 46 49 49 50 53 54 58 60 62 64 64 68 69 73 73 75 76 3.2.2 3.2.3 Transmitter architectures Architectures overview 3.3 Some design issues 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 Power supply and ground coupling Substrate coupling On-chip oscillators References 4 Towards the Full Integration of Wireless Front-End Circuits Michiel Steyaert 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Introduction Technology Fully integrated CMOS down-converters The synthesiser RF CMOS up-converters Fully integrated CMOS transceivers Conclusions References 5 GSM Transceiver Front-End Circuits in 0.25 µm CMOS Qiuting Huang, Paolo Orsatti, and Francesco Piazza 5.1 5.2 5.3 Introduction Transceiver architecture and relevant GSM specifications Low-noise amplifier 5.3.1 5.3.2 Input stage Output stage 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Single and double-balanced mixer The transmitter preamplifier Power consumption Measured results Conclusions References Part II RF Front-End Circuits 6 RF Front-End Circuits Qiuting Huang 6.1 Introduction to the following papers 7 Phase-Noise-to-Carrier Ratio in LC Oscillators Qiuting Huang 7.1 Introduction
Contentsvi7.277Theweaknessesofexistingphasenoisemodels7.2.1Linear,frequency-domainanalyseswithnoisesources77additivetothe carrier signal7.2.2Linearfrequencydomain analyseswithnoisesources79additivetothephaseofthecarrier7.2.3Time-domainanalyses with noise sources additive to80the carrier signal7.2.4Time domain analyses with noise sources additive to80thephase ofthe carrier7.3General description of LC oscillatoroperationand determina-81tionofoscillationamplitude7.491Oscillatorresponsetoaninterferingcurrent7.597Noise-to-carrierratioinaCMOScolpittsoscillator7.6102ExactdesignofRFoscillators7.7Conclusions104106References8109Design Studyof a 900 MHz/1.8GHz CMOS Transceiver for Dual-BandApplicationsBehzad Razavi1098.1Introduction8.2Receiverdesign considerations1108.3Receiverbuildingblocks1131138.3.1LNA/mixer8.3.2IF mixer1148.4Transmitterdesign considerations1168.5121Transmitter building blocks1218.5.1Firstup-conversion8.5.2123SSBmodulator8.5.3Differential to Single-Ended Converter1248.5.4Outputbuffer1258.6125ConclusionReferences1269127IntegratedWirelessTransceiverDesignMihaiBanu,CarloSamori,JackGlas,and JohnKhoury1279.1Introduction1289.2Integratedtransceiverconventional wisdom9.3131IF sampling:Conditionsand limitations9.4136Band-passA/Dconversion9.5137ConclusionsReferences13810141TransmitterConcepts,IntegrationandDesignTrade-Offs
Contents vii 77 77 79 80 80 81 91 97 102 104 106 109 109 110 113 113 114 116 121 121 123 124 125 125 126 127 127 128 131 136 137 138 141 7.2 The weaknesses of existing phase noise models 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 Linear, frequency-domain analyses with noise sources additive to the carrier signal Linear frequency domain analyses with noise sources additive to the phase of the carrier Time-domain analyses with noise sources additive to the carrier signal Time domain analyses with noise sources additive to the phase of the carrier 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 General description of LC oscillator operation and determination of oscillation amplitude Oscillator response to an interfering current Noise-to-carrier ratio in a CMOS colpitts oscillator Exact design of RF oscillators Conclusions References 8 Design Study of a 900 MHz/1.8 GHz CMOS Transceiver for DualBand Applications Behzad Razavi 8.1 8.2 8.3 Introduction Receiver design considerations Receiver building blocks 8.3.1 8.3.2 LNA/mixer IF mixer 8.4 8.5 Transmitter design considerations Transmitter building blocks 8.5.1 8.5.2 8.5.3 8.5.4 First up-conversion SSB modulator Differential to Single-Ended Converter Output buffer 8.6 Conclusion References 9 Integrated Wireless Transceiver Design Mihai Banu, Carlo Samori, Jack Glas, and John Khoury 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Introduction Integrated transceiver conventional wisdom IF sampling: Conditions and limitations Band-pass A/D conversion Conclusions References 10 Transmitter Concepts, Integration and Design Trade-Offs
viliCIRCUITSANDSYSTEMSFORWRELESSCOMIMUNICATIONSStefan Heinen and Stefan Herzinger14110.1Introduction142GSMtransmitterrequirements10.214410.3BasicGMSKTXarchitectures14410.3.1Directmodulation10.3.2IFmodulation14914910.3.3Modulationloop15210.4Implementationresults10.5Conclusionsandfuturerequirements154References15511157RFChallengesforTomorrow'sWirelessTerminalsPetteriAlinikula15711.1Introduction15811.2Capacityforwirelessmultimedia16011.3Multipleradiosinoneunit16111.4 The smaller the better162...forthelowestcost11.516311.6ConclusionsPartIlIWidebandConversionforSoftwareRadio12169WidebandConversionforSoftwareRadioJoseE.Franca16912.1IntroductiontothefollowingpapersReferences17213173Wide-bandSub-SamplingA/DConversionwithImageRejectionC.Azeredo-Leme,Ricardo Reis,and EduardoViegas17313.1 Introduction17513.2Oversampledarchitectures13.3Powerdissipationissues17613.4IFsamplingarchitectures178178Image-rejection sub-samplingADC13.513.5.1Casestudy18113.6182Digital tuning13.7 Architecturesimulation18218513.8ConclusionsReferences18514187Wide-bandA/DConversionforBaseStationsRaf L.J.Roovers
viii CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Stefan Heinen and Stefan Herzinger 141 142 144 144 149 149 152 154 155 157 157 158 160 161 162 163 169 169 172 173 173 175 176 178 178 181 182 182 185 185 187 10.1 10.2 10.3 Introduction GSM transmitter requirements Basic GMSK TX architectures 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.3.3 Direct modulation IF modulation Modulation loop 10.4 10.5 Implementation results Conclusions and future requirements References 11 RF Challenges for Tomorrow’s Wireless Terminals Petteri Alinikula 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Introduction Capacity for wireless multimedia Multiple radios in one unit The smaller the better . for the lowest cost Conclusions Part III Wideband Conversion for Software Radio 12 Wideband Conversion for Software Radio José E. Franca 12.1 Introduction to the following papers References 13 Wide-band Sub-Sampling A/D Conversion with Image Rejection C. Azeredo-Leme, Ricardo Reis, and Eduardo Viegas 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Introduction Oversampled architectures Power dissipation issues IF sampling architectures Image-rejection sub-samplinq ADC 13.5.1 Case study 13.6 13.7 13.8 Digital tuning Architecture simulation Conclusions References 14 Wide-band A/D Conversion for Base Stations Raf L. J. Roovers