1/26/2016 Structure and Function of the Microbes Urinary System Learning Objective Invisible Invaders List the antimicrobial features of the Amazing Allies urinary system. Chapter 26 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems Structure and Function of the Organs of the human urinary system,female Urinary System Urinary system Inferior vena ·Infection prevented -Two kidneys by: .removes waste from the blood these wastes are called urine urine to -Two ureters the kidneys Location:where ureters enter the urinary bladder -One urinary bladder -One urethra Acidity of urine female-conveys only urine -Mechanical flushing seminal 。malecar urine and Organs of the human of the urine urinary system,female
1/26/2016 1 Invisible Invaders Amazing Allies Chapter 26 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems Structure and Function of the Urinary System Learning Objective List the antimicrobial features of the urinary system. Structure and Function of the Urinary System • Urinary system – Two kidneys Inferior vena cava Aorta • removes waste from the blood • these wastes are called urine – Two ureters • Urine pass through ureters into the bladder O i bl dd Kidneys Ureters Urinary – One urinary bladder – One urethra • female - conveys only urine • male – conveys urine and seminal fluid Urethra y bladder Organs of the human urinary system, female Organs of the human urinary system, female Inferior vena cava Aorta • Infection prevented by: Kidneys Ureters – Valves that prevent backflow of urine to the kidneys • Location: where ureters enter the urinary bladder Urethra Urinary – Acidity of urine bladder – Mechanical flushing of the urine
1/26/2016 Structure and Function of the Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Reproductive Systems Learning Objective Female reproductive system -Two ovaries Identify the portals of entry for Produce sex hormores and ovas (eggs) microbes into the female and male Two uterine (fallopian)tubes reproductive systems. ovum enters the uterine tubes where fertilization occurs fertilized ovum enters the uterus -The uterus,including the cervix fertilized egg implants in the wall embryo then fetus develop -The vagina -External genitals(vulva) Female Structure and Function of the reproductive organs Pubic bone Uter Reproductive Systems Urinary bladde Male reproductive system Urethr -Two testes Lab majus Side of female -System of ducts ·Epididymis Ductus(vas)deferens ·Ejaculatory duct .Urethra -Accessory glands -Penis 下ront vicw of fe ductive org .with the erine tube and es the into the move to creat ne tuhe
1/26/2016 2 Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Learning Objective Identify the portals of entry for microbes into the female and male reproductive systems. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems • Female reproductive system – Two ovaries • Produce sex hormones and ovas (eggs) – Two uterine (fallopian) tubes • ovum enters the uterine tubes where fertilization occurs • fertilized ovum enters the uterus – The uterus, including the cervix • fertilized egg implants in the wall • embryo then fetus develop – The vagina – External genitals (vulva) Female reproductive organs Uterine (fallopian) tube Rectum Fimbria Vagina Cervix Cli i A Urethra Urinary bladder Ovary Pubic bone Uterus Anus Side view section of female pelvis showing reproductive organs Labium majus Clitoris Uterine tube Labium minus Ovary Fimbria Cervix Vagina Uterus Ovary Front view of female reproductive organs, with the uterine tube and ovary to the left in the drawing sectioned. The fimbriae move to create fluid movement that moves the egg into the uterine tube. Endometrium Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems • Male reproductive system – Two testes • produce sex hormones and sperm • sperm cells pass through a series of ducts – System of ducts • Epididymis • Ductus (vas) deferens • Ejaculatory duct • Urethra – Accessory glands – Penis
1/26/2016 Male reproductive and urinary organs Normal Microbiota of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems Learning Objective Describe the normal microbiota of the uct upper urinary tract,the male urethra, Prostate and the female urethra and vagina. Anus -Epididymis Testis opening Scrotum Side view section of male pelvis Normal Microbiota of the Urinary and Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary Reproductive Systems System Urinary bladder and upper urinary tract are sterile Predominant microbes of the vagina: Learning Objectives Lactobacilli Describe the modes of transmission for Produce Hand lactic acid Growth promoted by estrogen by enhancing the epithelial cells to urinary and reproductive system produce glycogen infections. Glycogen is broken down to glucose which is metabolized to lactic acid (PH 3.8-4.5) List the microorganisms that cause cystitis and pyelonephritis,and name -Streptococci,anaerobes,some gram-negatives Candida yeast:asymptomatic in 10-%of the predisposing factors for these women diseases. Male urethra is usually sterile
1/26/2016 3 Male reproductive and urinary organs Urinary bladder Pubic bone Seminal Rectum Ureter bone Ductus (vas) deferens Urethra Penis Anus Prostate Ejaculatory duct m vesicle Urethral opening Scrotum Side view section of male pelvis Testis Epididymis Normal Microbiota of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems Learning Objective Describe the normal microbiota of the upper urinary tract, the male urethra, and the female urethra and vagina. Normal Microbiota of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems • Urinary bladder and upper urinary tract are sterile • Predominant microbes of the vagina: – Lactobacilli • Produce H2O2 and lactic acid • Growth promoted by estrogen by enhancing the epithelial cells to produce glycogen • Glycogen is broken down to glucose which is metabolized to lactic acid (pH 3 8 acid (pH 3.8-4 5) . – Streptococci, anaerobes, some gram-negatives – Candida albicans yeast: asymptomatic in 10-25% of women • Male urethra is usually sterile Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System Learning Objectives Describe the modes of transmission for urinary and reproductive system infections. List the microorganisms that cause cystitis and pyelonephritis, and name the predisposing factors for these diseases
1/26/2016 Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System Cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladder Bacteria causing these diseases are found in the excreted urine Commonly caused by E.coli:also Staphylococcus ·Urethritis saprophyticus -An inflammation of the urethra Dysuria(difficult or painful urination):pyuria(pus) ·.Cystitis Eight times more common in women than men -Due to the short length of the urethra(less than 2 inches ·Ureteritis long)and close proximity to the anal opening -Infection of the ureters .Pyelonephritis -An inflammation of one or both kidneys 7 million urinary tract infections annually leukocyte esterase is a common enzyme Most due to Escherichia coll e health-care associated:90%of these Treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethexazole Pyelonephritis Bacterial Diseases of the inflammation of one or both kidneys Reproductive Systems Untreated cases of cystitis Learning Objective 75%of cases caused by E.col Fever and back or flank pain List the causative agents,symptoms, Generally results in bacteremia methods of diagnosis,and treatments Can form scar tissue in kidneys and become for gonorrhea,nongonococcal urethritis life-threatening (NGU),pelvic inflammatory disease Diagnosis:>10,000 CFU/ml and a positive LE (PID),and syphilis. test Treatment with intravenous broad spectrum antibiotic such as cephalosporin
1/26/2016 4 Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System • Bacteria causing these diseases are found in the excreted urine • Urethritis A i fl ti f th th Inferior vena cava Aorta – An inflammation of the urethra • Cystitis – An inflammation of the urinary bladder • Ureteritis – Infection of the ureters • Pyelonephritis Kidneys Ureters Urethra Urinary bladder – An inflammation of one or both kidneys • 7 million urinary tract infections annually – Most due to Escherichia coli – 900,000 cases are health-care associated; 90% of these are due to catheters Cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladder • Commonly caused by E. coli; also Staphylococcus saprophyticus • Dysuria (difficult or painful urination); pyuria (pus) • Eight times more common in women than men – Due to the short length of the urethra (less than 2 inches long) and close proximity to the anal opening • Diagnosis: >100 CFU/ml of potential pathogens and a p y ositive leukocyte esterase (LE) test - leukocyte esterase is a common enzyme found in white blood cells and is an indicator of an infection • Treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethexazole Pyelonephritis inflammation of one or both kidneys • Untreated cases of cystitis • 75% f d b 75% of cases caused by E li . co • Fever and back or flank pain • Generally results in bacteremia • Can form scar tissue in kidneys and become life-threatening • Diagnosis: >10,000 CFU/ml and a positive LE test • Treatment with intravenous broad spectrum antibiotic such as cephalosporin Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive Systems Learning Objective List the causative agents, symptoms, methods of diagnosis, and treatments for gonorrhea, nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) d s hilis (PID), and syphilis
1/26/2016 Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive Systems STI Home Test Kits Collect samples at home and mail to a Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) lab -Also known as sexually transmitted infections -Screens for chlamydia,gonorrhea,and (STIs) trichomoniasis -Often no signs or symptoms ·Results in 1-2 weeks Over 30 types of infections Positive tests receive referrals to clinics -Bacteria are sensitive to environmental stress and require intimate contact for transmission ·Test for HIV -15 million new cases in the United States -OraQuick:oral test annually Test for urinary tract infections -Treatment with antibiotics and prevented with condoms -Uritest dipstick test STI Home Test Kits Gonorrhea Pros of at-home testing Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae -Gram-negative diplococcus More cases are diagnosed -Better access for patients -Quicker treatment Most age 15-24 Attaches to the epithelial mucosa by the fimbriae ·Cons of home-testing -Cost Found in eral-obe geal area,eyes.rectum -Privacy-hotlines must use pin numbers -Not all home test kits are equally accurate :6rSpsaga
1/26/2016 5 Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive Systems • Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Al k Also known as sexuall t itt d i f ti lly transmitt ed i n fections (STIs) – Often no signs or symptoms – Over 30 types of infections – Bacteria are sensitive to environmental stress and require intimate contact for transmission – 15 million new cases in the United States annually – Treatment with antibiotics and prevented with condoms STI Home Test Kits • Collect samples at home and mail to a lab – Screens for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis • Results in 1–2 weeks • Positive tests receive referrals to clinics • Test for HIV – OraQuick: oral test • Test for urinary tract infections – Uritest dipstick test STI Home Test Kits • Pros of at-home testing – More cases are dia gnosed – Better access for patients – Quicker treatment • C f h Cons of home-t ti es ng – Cost – Privacy – hotlines must use pin numbers – Not all home test kits are equally accurate Gonorrhea • Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Gram-negative diplococcus • 300 000 i th 300,000 cases in th e United States annually • Most age 15-24 • Attaches to the epithelial mucosa by the fimbriae – Invades the spaces between the col ith li l ll lumnar epithelial cells • Found in oral-pharyngeal area, eyes, rectum, urethra, cervix opening • Causes inflammation • Forms pus due to high leukocytes • Oral-pharyngeal gonorrhea and anal gonorrhea