CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR RE TRANSCEIVERS By Domine Leenaerts Philips Research Laboratories Eindhoven Johan van der Tang Eindhoven University of Technology and Cicero S. Vaucher Philips Research Laboratories Eindhoven KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS BOSTON/DORDRECHT/LONDON
ContentsxiliPreface11.RFDESIGN:CONCEPTSANDTECHNOLOGY11.1 RFSpecifications21.1.1 Gain61.1.2 Noise101.1.3 Non-linearity141.1.4 Sensitivity141.2RFDeviceTechnology151.2.1 Characterization and Modeling15Modeling17Cut-off Frequency20MaximumOscillationFrequency21InputLimitedFrequency22OutputLimitedFrequency23MaximumAvailableBandwidth231.2.2 Technology Choice24Double Poly Devices26Silicon-on-Anything28Comparison30SiGe Bipolar Technology30RFCMOS331.3Passives341.3.1 Resistors351.3.2 Capacitors371.3.3PlanarMonolithicInductors42References432.ANTENNAS.INTERFACEANDSUBSTRATE432.1Antennas462.2BondWires492.3 Transmission Lines492.3.1 GeneralTheory512.3.2ImpedanceMatchingusingTransmissionLines542.3.3MicrostripLinesandCoplanarLines582.4BondPadsandESDDevicesvii
viiCIRCUITDESIGNFORRFTRANSCEIVERS2.4.1 Bond Pads592.4.2 ESDDevices6061ggNMOSTESDDevice64pn and np-Diode ESD Device2.5Substrate672.5.1 Substrate Bounces692.5.2 Design Techniques to Reduce the Substrate Bounces71References773.LOWNOISEAMPLIFIERS79793.1 Specification843.2BipolarLNAdesignforDCSApplicationinSOA843.2.1 Design of the LNA3.2.2Measurements933.3CMOSLNADesign94943.3.1 Single Transistor LNA95Design StepsSimulation and Measurement1013.3.2 ClassicalLNADesign104TheDesign105MeasurementResults1083.4 Evaluation108References1114.MIXERS1134.1Specification1134.2BipolarMixerDesign1184.3CMOSMixers1214.3.1ActiveCMOSMixers1224.3.2PassiveCMOSMixers1271/f-Noise in Mixer Transistors1281/f-Noise due to IFAmplifier133I/f-Noise dueto Switched-CapacitorBehavior1384.3.3ConcludingRemarks141References1425.RFPOWERAMPLIFIERS1455.1Specification1451455.1.1 Efficiency5.1.2GenericAmplifierClasses1465.1.3Heating149
ixContents1505.1.4 Linearity5.1.5Ruggedness1511515.2BipolarPADesign1605.3CMOSPADesign1665.4 LinearizationPrinciples1685.4.1 Predistortion Technique1725.4.2Phase-CorrectingFeedback1775.4.3 EnvelopeEliminationandRestoration (EER)5.4.4 CartesianFeedback180182References1856. OSCILLATORS1856.1Introduction1856.1.1 The Ideal Oscillator1866.1.2 The Non-ideal Oscillator1886.1.3ApplicationandClassification6.1.4 Oscillation Conditions1911966.1.5AmplitudeStabilization1996.2 Specifications1996.2.1 FrequencyandTuning2006.2.2 Tuning Constant and Linearity2006.2.3PowerDissipation2016.2.4PhaseNoise toCarrierRatio202Reciprocal Mixing203Signal toNoiseDegradationof FM Signals203Spurious Emission2046.2.5Harmonics2046.2.6VQMatching2056.2.7 Technology and Chip Area2066.3 LCOscillators2066.3.1Frequency,TuningandPhaseNoise207Frequency208TuningPhase Noise to CarrierRatio2092216.3.2 Topologies2236.4 RCOscillators2236.4.1 Frequency, Tuning and Phase Noise224Frequency225Tuning228Phase Noise to Carrier Ratio2296.4.2 Topologies
CIRCUITDESIGNFORRFTRANSCEIVERSX2316.5DesignExamples2316.5.1An830MHzMonolithicLCOscillator231Circuit Design233Measurements2336.5.2A10GHzI/QRCOscillatorwithActiveInductors234Circuit Design235Measurements238References2437.FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZERS2437.1 Introduction2447.2Integer-NPLLArchitecture2457.3TuningSystemSpecifications2457.3.1 TuningRange2467.3.2MinimumStepSize2467.3.3 Settling Time2477.3.4 Spurious Signals2497.3.5PhaseNoise Sidebands2517.4System-levelAspectsofPLLBuildingBlocks2517.4.1 Voltage Controlled Oscillators2527.4.2 Frequency Dividers2537.4.3Phase-frequencyDetector/Charge-PumpCombination254Polarityof theFeedback Signal254Time-domain Operation256High-frequency Limitations258SpectralComponentsof theOutputSignal2587.4.4 LoopFilter260Passive Loop Filters261ActiveLoopFilters2627.5Dimensioningof thePLLParameters2627.5.1 Open-andClosed-loopTransferFunctions2637.5.2Open-loopBandwidthfandPhaseMarginm2687.6SpectralPurityPerformance2687.6.1SpuriousReferenceBreakthrough269Effect of LeakageCurrents271EffectofMismatchintheCharge-pump2727.6.2PhaseNoisePerformance273NoisefromPLLBlocks274TheEquivalentPhaseNoiseFloor276NoisefromLoopFilterand VCO277Total PhaseNoiseat Output of thePLL